[转贴]【球员宝典】清道夫篇——正在消失的位置[复制链接]

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发表于 2008-11-10 19:21:52

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清道夫是欧洲足球中常见的一个防守位置。清道夫通常没有盯人任务，处于守门员和其他防守队员之间，“清理”所有穿越其他后卫的直塞球，弥补其他队友的过失。清道夫是快速而强壮的球员，虽然被允许自由移动，但是常常是呆在后卫的身后，他的工作就是填补后卫和守门员之间的空当，拦截直塞球，解围长传球，为其他后卫赢得回防时间。

使用清道夫能够增加球队的防守深度和覆盖面，因此可以使你的边后卫大胆压上，支援进攻。一个好的清道夫必须迅速，而且乐于断球。由于清道夫通常处于最后方，能够很好地观察比赛，因此清道夫就像是场上的教练，可以进行直接的调整

现代足球的趋势是以采用区域防守和造越位的“平行四后卫”取代了清道夫。 虽然以前清道夫是用来补充人盯人防守体系的，但是清道夫也可以使用在区域防守体系中。在区域防守体系中，清道夫的位置不像其他有明确盯防任务的后卫那样固定，而清道夫阅读比赛的能力也比一个普通中卫重要的多。

进攻型清道夫（通常被成为“自由人”）在球队进攻时会自由插上助攻，有时甚至活跃在后卫线之前。自由人要比纯粹的中卫或者清道夫具备更好的控球和传球能力，以便组织快速反击。大家最熟悉的自由人就是上世界70年德国的传奇巨星贝肯鲍尔。在1990年意大利世界杯上，巴西队出现了历史上第一个自由人——毛罗.加尔旺。愤怒的贝利狠狠地批评了国家队主教练拉扎罗尼，而巴西队也早早地被淘汰出局。相对应的，德国队却凭借着自由人战术夺得了冠军。从那以后，虽然大部分球队都放弃了自由人战术，但是仍然有一些俱乐部球队（主要是德国的）还在使用这一打法。自由人处在后卫身后不远处，在横向上自由移动，尽量不远离边线。自由人要分析比赛的进程，在传球角度和路线出现时，迅速做出反应。因为没有盯人任务，在球队进攻时他们可以经常前插，这常常导致对方球员猝不及防。然而，清道夫仅仅是个防守位置，就像20世纪60年代采用链式防守的意大利，使用的就是纯粹防守的清道夫。

现在，由于具备了战术层面（阅读比赛、预判、位置感、抢断）和技术层面（传球、视野）的能力，很多中卫都有可以把球带出危险区域并组织反击。只有很少的球队还在使用清道夫战术了。一些德国的球队表面上使用平行四后卫，实质上其中一人就是在扮演清道夫的角色。

战术区

自由人

自由人不仅给防守提供援助，而且能够通过传球给中场球员甚至长传给前锋的方式从后场发动进攻。在进攻中，自由人位于后防线之前，接应中场的回传，实际上就像是一个拖后的组织者。

链式防守

教练也可以使用纯粹防守的清道夫。在链式防守中，4名后卫紧盯对方进攻手，设置一名清道夫在后卫身后。一种更现代的方式是：在采用区域防守的后卫线之后设置一名清道夫

平行四后卫

还有另外一种方式：由一名中卫来完成清道夫的一些工作。通常是把速度较快的中卫的心态设得低一些，给其他的后卫补位。

避免使用造越位

使用清道夫战术自然就增加了防线的深度，这和造越位战术是相悖的。

数据

必备属性

预判

决断

位置感

抢断

注意力

敏捷

触球

其他属性

力量

勇敢

团队合作

平衡

速度

镇定

额外属性

盘带

传球

创造力

技术

习惯动作

喜欢短传

从中路带球突破

尝试长传

利用脚下技术将球带离危险区

为什么需要这些属性

• 预判——能够阅读比赛是清道夫带给球队的一个重要部分

• 位置感——和预判结合，可以使清道夫准确地确定自己的位置，以应付对方的进攻

• 抢断——清道夫需要干净利索地断球，在其他后卫抢球失败后能够抢到第二落点。

• 速度——速度慢的话，清道夫就不能及时到达防守位置。如果是自由人，就更需要快速的前插和回防。

• 注意力——清道夫要在90分钟内保持精神集中，随时准备补防。

• 镇定——当清道夫在后场拿球时，他要保持冷静以防止球被断掉，并且信心十足地向前出球。

• 敏捷——当自由人带球向中场突进时，敏捷是很有帮助的。

• 触球——对于经常要在危险区域控球的清道夫来说，强大的控制球能力是非常重要的。

• 力量——这点和中卫一样，对清道夫来说，只有足够强壮才能够干脆地断球。

• 勇敢——如果是由一个勇敢的清道夫来做最后一铲，那当然是好了。

• 决断——面对对方的攻势，如何在最短的时间做出正确的选择是非常必要的

• 团队合作——清道夫的工作就是给其他人补位，所以他必须是一个好的团队合作者。

• 平衡——在防守中站稳脚跟是很重要的，轻易就被晃倒是肯定不行的。

• 盘带——对于经常需要带球进入前场的自由人来说，盘带技术很重要。

• 传球——只有传球技术好才能准确地把球传给中场或者直接传给前锋

• 创造力——良好的视野可以使自由人选择合适的传球路线

• 技术——对任何球员来说，技术都很重要

为什么需要这些习惯

• 喜欢短传——如果你想让你的清道夫中规中矩地传球，这个习惯就很有用

• 从中路带球突破——如果一个自由人具有这个习惯，那么当需要他把球带出防区时就会受益。

• 尝试长传——有了这个习惯，就可以更精确地通过长传来发动反击（在链式防守体系中）

• 利用脚下技术将球带离危险区——如果你的自由人拥有足够好的技术，他就可以按照习惯把球带出危险区域

代表人物

弗朗茨.贝肯鲍尔（拜仁慕尼黑，前西德）

弗朗科.巴雷西（AC米兰，意大利）

加埃塔诺-西雷阿（尤文图斯，意大利）

丹尼尔.帕萨雷拉（河床、佛罗伦萨、国际米兰，阿根廷

罗纳德.科曼（阿贾克斯、埃因霍温、巴塞罗那、费耶诺德，荷兰）

马蒂亚斯.萨默尔（德累斯顿迪纳摩、斯图加特、多特蒙德，前东德）.

马特乌斯（拜仁慕尼黑、国际米兰，前西德）

米奥拉格.比洛德蒂奇（布加勒斯特星、贝尔格莱德红星、瓦伦西亚、比利亚雷亚尔、亚特兰大，罗马尼亚）

原文如下：

The Sweeper

A dying breed?

A Sweeper is a defensive position most traditionally seen in European football. The sweeper occupies a position between the goalkeeper and the rest of the defensive line where he "sweeps" up any through balls that make their way past the other defenders and covers for mistakes of his defensive team-mates. Sweepers typically have no set marking duties and are the last line of defence between their side and their goalkeeper. A sweeper is a fast & tough player who usually plays just behind the fullbacks, although he is allowed to roam. His job is to cover the space between the fullbacks & the goalkeeper & to stop "breakaways" & "sweep up" the ball or kick long "through balls" out of bounds so the defence has time to recover.

Using a sweeper increases your "depth" & field coverage and therefore allows your fullbacks to push up to support your attack. A good sweeper must be fast and willing to make contact to steal the ball. A Sweeper can be like a coach on the field and can help direct adjustments, since he is usually the deepest field player and in a good position to view the game.

The modern trend is to not use a Sweeper but instead to use a "flat back four", which consists of four defenders in line playing a zone defence and using the offside trap. A Sweeper was originally used to back up man-to-man defences. However, a Sweeper can also be used with a zonal marking system. Their position is rather more fluid than other defenders who mark their designated opponents. The sweeper's ability to read the game is even more vital than for a centre-back.

An attacking sweeper, who breaks free from the defensive line when his team is in possession is often referred to as libero (Italian: free), and sometimes plays just in front of the defence. A libero is expected to build counter-attacking moves, and as such requires better ball control and passing ability than a typical centre back or defensive sweeper. The "libero" position was popularized by German legend Franz Beckenbauer in the 1970's. At the 1990 World Cup, in Italy, even Brazil played with a sweeper for the very first time e.g. Mauro Galvão. The outraged Pelé severely criticized national head coach Lazaroni and Brazil was eliminated early in the tournament. Conversely, Germany finished first in the same tournament while playing with a libero. Since Italy 1990, many teams have abandoned the use of a sweeper, yet some (especially German) clubs still employ it today. The libero roams laterally, a few meters behind the last line of defenders. He must try not to sway too far towards the flanks. The sweeper analyzes the development of plays, anticipates where open angles and passing lanes are forming and make quick decisions about dealing with them. Because they never mark enemy attackers, sweepers can move a great deal forward when their team is in possession of the ball. This frequently finds the enemy defence unprepared as an unmarked player is unexpectedly introduced to the play. However, sweepers are often merely defensive players. For example, the catenaccio system of play, used in Italian football in the 1960s, employed a purely defensive sweeper.

Many centre-backs have the ability to bring the ball out of defence and begin counter-attacks for their own teams, thanks to tactical (game reading, anticipation, positioning, tackling) and technical (passing, vision on the pitch) capabilities. There are some clubs who utilize the position sometimes, but not much anymore. Some of the German clubs will "unofficially" use it, meaning that even though they line-up a back four, one of the players usually imitates the sweeper position.

Tactical Zone

Libero/Free

An attacking sweeper as well as providing support to the defence can be used bring the ball out from the back and initiate attacking plays either by playing the ball to the midfielders or even long passes to the forward line. During possession the libero operates in front of the defence. He offers another outlet for the midfield to recycle the play and act like a deep-lying playmaker.

Catenaccio/Padlock

A coach can also opt to play a purely defensive sweeper. In the catenaccio system a defensive sweeper would operate in the zone behind the defence, while the backs would man-mark the opposition. A more modern approach is to play a defensive sweeper behind a defensive line playing zone defence.

Flat Back Four

Yet another option is to set up a centre-back to perform some of the duties of a sweeper in the defensive line. Usually the quicker defender is set with a lower mentality and provides support to one or more stoppers who engage the opposition first.

Avoid using the Offside Trap

By playing a sweeper you are naturally adding depth to your defensive line. This goes against the ideals for playing the offside trap. You should consider the use of the offside trap and playing a sweeper as mutually exclusive.

Profile

Required attributes

Anticipation

Decisions

Positioning

Tackling

Concentration

Agility

First Touch

Further key attributes

Strength

Bravery

Teamwork

Balance

Pace

Composure

Bonus

Dribbling

Passing

Creativity

Technique

Player Preferred Moves

Plays short simple passes

Runs with ball through centre

Tries long range passes

Tries to play out of trouble

Why these attributes?

Anticipation – The ability to read the game and anticipate plays are vital part of what a sweeper brings to a team.

Positioning - Combining with anticipation the sweeper most position themselves correctly in order to counter the oppositions attacking plays.

Tackling – It’s not gust about positioning, the sweeper needs to be able to win the ball cleanly, usually in a deep position, usually winning the second ball when one of their colleagues is beaten.

Pace – A little bit of pace will enable the sweeper to move more quickly into their defensive position. It is also useful for a libero who has moved in front of the defensive line to get back into position quickly.

Concentration – A sweeper needs to remain focus for the whole of the match, he should be ever prepared to step in and recover from mistakes in defence.

Composure – When the sweeper regains possession in the defensive zone, a cool head is required to prevent the ball being turned over again and may allow the sweeper to bring the ball forward out of the defence with confidence.

Agility – Being agile certainly helps when the libero is bringing the ball out defence to link up with the midfield.

First Touch – Strong ball control skills are especially important for the sweeper who needs to control the ball in tight situations and to be able to act upon it.

Strength – As with the stopper, the sweeper who can exert their physical strength upon their opponent will be better equipped to win the ball cleanly in the tackle rather than slide in.

Bravery – Having a brave sweeper comes in especially useful when a good last ditch tackle is required.

Decisions – A quick mind is needed to make the correct decisions about how best to stub out the opposition’s attack.

Teamwork – A sweeper needs to be a good team player as he is there to support his defence and cover any mistake that they make.

Balance – Staying on ones feet is important in defensive situation, but especially for a libero as falling over in this situation won’t win you any applause.

Dribbling – Vital for anyone playing as a libero, who is expected to bring the ball out of the defence either serving the midfield or starting plays directly.

Passing – A technically good passer of the ball is able to accurately deliver the ball to the midfield or even deliver the ball directly to the front line.

Creativity – Good field vision will allow the libero to assess the passing options that are available.

Technique – A good attribute to have for any player to supplement their other technically related stats.

Why these moves?

Plays short simple passes – Useful to prevent a defensive sweeper from trying anything too adventurous when regaining the ball.

Runs with ball through centre – A libero will benefit from having this attribute when bringing the ball out from the defence.

Tries long range passes – More accurate passes from a sweeper in a deep position can allow the team to counterattack quickly – Catenaccio style.

Tries to play out of trouble – Provided the libero has the right skill set to play his way out of defence this move is complimentary to the attacking sweeper.

Famous examples

Franz Beckenbauer - FC Bayern Munich, West Germany.

Franco Baresi - AC Milan, Italy.

Gaetano Scirea - Juventus, Italy.

Daniel Passarella - River Plate, Fiorentina, Inter Milan, Argentina.

Ronald Koeman - Ajax Amsterdam, PSV Eindhoven, FC Barcelona, Feyenoord Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Matthias Sammer - Dynamo Dresden, VfB Stuttgart, Borussia Dortmund, (East) Germany.

Lothar Matthäus - FC Bayern Munich, Inter Milan, (West) Germany.

Miodrag Belodedici - Steaua Bucharest, Red Star Belgrade, Valencia CF, Villareal CF, CF Atlante, Romania.